Efficacy and Safety of Transforaminal Percutaneous Endoscopic Discectomy in Treatment of Patients Suffering From Discogenic Low Back Pain in Kenya

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Figure 1
Distribution of comorbidities. Abbreviation: HTN, hypertension
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Figure 2
Distribution of site of procedure.
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Figure 3
Distribution of neurological symptoms.
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Figure 4
Comparison of changes in low back pain (LBP) and leg pain LP). The time points illustrated, from left to right, are as follows: before the procedure and 3 days, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year after the procedure.

Table 1

Patient characteristics (categorical variables).

Variable	n	%
Gender
Men	209	34.3
Women	401	65.7
Comorbidity
None	374	61.3
HTN	82	13.4
HTN and diabetes	50	8.2
Arthritis	9	1.5
Others	95	15.6
Procedure site
Left	228	37.4
Right	294	48.2
Central	75	12.3
Bilateral	13	2.1
No. of Levels
1	536	87.8
2	63	10.3
3 and above	11	1.9
Smoking
Yes	83	10.3
No	547	88.7
Alcohol
Yes	104	17
No	506	83
Low Back Pain
Yes	610	100
No	0	0
Leg Pain
Yes	536	87.9
No	74	12.1
Neurological Symptoms Before Procedure
In motion	453	74.3
Numbness and tingling	157	25.7
Complications
None	602	98.7
Yes	8	1.3

Table 2

Patient’s characteristics (continuous variables).

Abbreviations: y, year; Kg, killogram; d, day; mo, month, meaning of abbreviation.

Table 3

Pain severity-predicted mean on repeated measures.

Variable	Pain on Visual Analog Scale 0–10, Mean ± SD
Variable	Before procedure	3 d after procedure	1 mo after procedure	3 mo after procedure	6 mo after procedure	9 mo after procedure	1 y after procedure	P
LBP score (N = 160)	7.63 ± 0.94	5.64 ± 1.08	4.26 ± 1.21	3.51 ± 1.32	2.99 ± 1.25	2.63 ± 1.15	2.45 ± 1.09	<0.001
Leg pain score (N = 536)	7.67 ± 0.92	5.68 ± 1.05	4.29 ± 1.19	3.55 ± 1.31	3.03 ± 1.25	2.67 ± 1.12	2.49 ± 1.07	<0.001

Table 4

Comparison of VAS low back pain scores between Group 1 and Group 2 participants (N = 610).

Abbreviations: TPED, transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic discectomy; VAS, visual analog scale.
Note: Group 1 comprises patients who underwent TPED during the first 3 years of the study. Group 2 comprises patients who underwent TPED during the last 3 years of the study.