Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1
Preoperative and 12-month scores of Depressed and Non-Depressed patients for NDI, PCS, MCS, neck pain, and arm pain. NDI: neck disability index (lower scores indicate improvement); PCS: physical component summary of the SF-36; MCS: mental component summary of the SF-36 (higher scores indicate improvement).
- Fig. 2
Preoperative and 12-month scores by depression status for NDI, PCS, neck pain, and arm pain. NDI: neck disability index (lower scores indicate improvement); PCS: physical component summary of the SF-36; MCS: mental component summary of the SF-36 (higher scores indicate improvement).
Tables
- Table 1
Preoperative and surgical characteristics of Depressed and Non-Depressed patients: mean (standard deviation) or count (proportion).
Characteristic/Variable Depressed n=118 Non-Depressed n=153 p-value Age (years) 45.7 (9.2) 45.5 (8.7) .876 Body mass index (kg/m2) 28.8 (5.4) 28.8 (6.0) .984 Time to treatment (days)* 391.0 (286.5) 412.7 (372.9) .614 Male gender 69 (58.5%) 85 (55.9%) .674 Smoker 65 (55.1%) 61 (40.1%) .015 Workers’ Compensation 86 (72.9%) 108 (71.1%) .740 Litigation 83 (70.3%) 93 (61.2%) .117 Strenuous job 90 (78.3%) 93 (63.7%) .011 Currently employed 108 (91.5%) 138 (92.0%) .888 Education
Less than high school
High school
Associate degree
College
Master/Professional
12 (10.7%)
54 (48.2%)
24 (21.4%)
13 (11.6%)
9 (8.0%)
26 (18.2%)
68 (47.6%)
25 (17.5%)
13 (9.1%)
11 (7.7%).515 Diagnosis
Discogenic pain
Herniated disc
Radiculopathy
50 (42.4%)
37 (31.4%)
30 (25.4%)
63 (41.4%)
61 (40.1%)
28 (18.4%).238 Number of comorbidities
None
1 comorbidity
2 comorbidities
3 comorbidities
81 (68.6%)
27 (22.9%)
9 (7.6%)
1 (0.4%)
108 (71.1%)
36 (23.7%)
8 (5.3%)
0.583 Number of re-operations 4 (3.4%) 6 (3.9%) .810 Number of AEs 8 (6.8%) 5 (3.3%) .407 Number of operated levels
1 level
2 levels
3 levels
60 (50.8%)
45 (38.1%)
13 (11.0%)
82 (53.9%)
63 (41.4%)
7 (4.6%).136 AE: adverse events,
↵* n=112 Depressed and 137 Non-Depressed.
- Table 2
Preoperative and 12-month postoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes: mean (standard deviation).
Group NDI PCS MCS Neck Pain Arm Pain Preop 12 mo Preop 12 mo Preop 12 mo Preop 12 mo Preop 12 mo Depressed 62.4 (15.1) 31.6 (21.1) 35.5 (6.6) 42.5 (11.4) 27.0 (5.6) 41.9 (12.0) 7.6 (1.6) 3.3 (2.5) 5.8 (2.8) 3.0 (2.7) Non-Depressed 48.5 (15.1) 22.8 (18.3) 33.7 (6.7) 45.1 (10.2) 46.6 (8.2) 51.3 (10.5) 6.6 (2.0) 2.7 (2.4) 4.8 (2.8) 1.8 (2.4) P* <.001 .688 <.001 <.001 <.001 P† <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 P‡ .050 <.001 <.001 .251 .755 NDI, Neck Disability Index; PCS, Physical Component Summary of the SF-36; MCS, Mental Component Summary of the SF-36.
↵* Probability for difference between Depressed and Non-Depressed patients.
↵† Probability for difference from preoperative to 12-month postoperative.
↵‡ Probability for interaction between depression status and change preoperative to 12-month.
Outcomes Depressed Non-Depressed P* NDI 30.6 (22.0) 25.7 (20.0) <.001 PCS 7.0 (9.5) 11.3 (10.1) .002 MCS 14.9 (12.4) 4.7 (11.4) <.001 Neck pain 4.3 (2.8) 3.9 (2.9) <.001 Arm pain 2.8 (3.2) 2.9 (3.1) <.001 NDI, Neck Disability Index; PCS, Physical Component Summary; MCS, Mental Component Summary.
↵* Adjusted for preoperative scores, smoking status, and strenuous work.
- Table 4
Preoperative and 12-month postoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes: mean (standard deviation).
Group NDI PCS MCS Neck Pain Arm Pain Preop 12 mo Preop 12 mo Preop 12 mo Preop 12 mo Preop 12 mo Never Depressed 47.2 (14.6) 20.6 (16.8) 34.1 (6.8) 45.9 (10.2) 47.2 (8.2) 53.4 (8.1) 6.5 (2.0) 2.5 (2.3) 4.8 (2.8) 1.7 (2.3) Always Depressed 66.2 (13.7) 42.9 (17.2) 33.5 (5.5) 38.5 (9.2) 26.0 (6.1) 28.5 (5.1) 7.6 (1.4) 4.0 (2.5) 5.9 (2.8) 3.5 (2.8) Newly Depressed 64.0 (12.4) 47.8 (15.6) 28.9 (3.3) 35.7 (4.9) 39.7 (5.3) 27.8 (5.9) 7.3 (1.8) 4.3 (2.4) 5.4 (2.9) 3.1 (3.0) No Longer Depressed 60.2 (15.5) 26.3 (20.6) 36.5 (6.9) 44.5 (11.9) 27.5 (5.3) 48.6 (8.3) 7.6 (1.7) 2.9 (2.4) 5.8 (2.8) 2.8 (2.6) P* <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 P† <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 P‡ .005 <.001 <.001 .120 .613 NDI, Neck Disability Index; PCS, Physical Component Summary; MCS, Mental Component Summary.
↵* Probability for difference between depression groups.
↵† Probability for difference from preoperative to 1-year postoperative.
↵‡ Probability for interaction between depression status and change from preoperative to 1 year.
Outcomes Never Depressed Always Depressed Newly Depressed No Longer Depressed P* NDI 26.2 (20.2) 23.3 (19.0) 16.2 (17.9) 34.6 (22.9) <.001 PCS 11.5 (10.3) 4.8 (7.0) 6.8 (4.6) 8.1 (10.6) <.001 MCS 6.2 (10.6) 2.5 (5.7) -12.0 (8.5) 21.3 (9.9) <.001 Neck pain 4.0 (2.9) 3.6 (2.8) 2.9 (2.8) 4.6 (2.9) <.001 Arm pain 3.0 (3.1) 2.5 (3.1) 2.3 (2.5) 3.1 (3.2) <.001 NDI, Neck Disability Index; PCS, Physical Component Summary; MCS, Mental Component Summary.
↵* Adjusted for preoperative scores, smoking status, and strenuous work.
NDI Non Depressed Non Smoker N=91 Non Depressed Smoker N=61 Depressed Non Smoker N=55 Depressed Smoker N=65 P* Pre-Op 47.8 (15.6) 49.5 (14.4) 60.8 (16.0) 63.3 (14.3) <.001 12-month 22.8 (18.8) 22.7 (17.6) 35.3 (21.5) 28.8 (20.3) .001 Change 25.0 (20.6) 26.8 (19.1) 25.5 (19.9) 34.5 (23.1) .029 NDI, Neck Disability Index.
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