Clinical values of control over pain and pain coping strategies in surgical treatment for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis

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Fig. 1
Hypothetical mediation model. We supposed that variables A affected variables C through variables B (black arrows), and so the direct impact of variables A on variables C was weak or spurious (dotted white arrow).
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Fig. 2
Three-step regression models in mediation analysis. The first-step models were constructed to predict variables C using variables A. The second-step models were constructed to predict variables B using variables A. The third-step models were constructed to predict variables C using both variables A and B. When variables A affected variables C via variables B, the standardized regression coefficients of variables A for variables C in the third-step models had to be lower than the regression coefficients of variables A for variables C in the first-step models.

Table 1

Fundamental statistics of the assessed items.

Items (range of scores)	Median	Quartile deviation	Maximum	Minimum
Pain characteristics
Numerical rating scale (0-10)	7	2.0	2	10
Pain drawing (0-111)	19.5	6.6	70	1
Psychological status and subjective disability
Mental health (0-100)	47.6	8.5	74.8	2.9
Walking ability (0-100)	28.6	14.3	100	0
Social function (0-100)	45.9	9.5	86.5	0
Control over pain and pain coping strategies
Control over pain (0-6)	3	0.5	0	5
Praying or hoping (0-12)	12	2.4	2	12
Catastrophizing (0-12)	6	2.4	0	11
Coping self-statements (0-12)	9	3.0	2	12
Diverting attention (0-12)	8	2.0	0	12
Reinterpreting pain sensations (0-12)	5	1.5	0	12
Ignoring pain sensations (0-12)	5	2.0	0	12
Increasing pain behavior (0-12)	8	2.0	0	12
Increasing activity level (0-12)	6.5	2.0	0	12

Table 2

Regression coefficients in the first and second regression models.

Steps	Independent variables	Dependent variables coefficients	Regression
First regression modellings	Numerical rating scale	Mental health	-0.19 (p = 0.13)
	Pain drawing	Mental health	-0.11 (p = 0.42)
	Numerical rating scale	Walking ability	-0.35 (p =0.00)
	Pain drawing	Walking ability	-0.12 (p =0.35)
	Numerical rating scale	Social function	-0.26 (p =0.04)
	Pain drawing	Social function	-0.15 (p = 0.25)
Second regression modellings	Numerical rating scale	Control over pain	-0.33 (p = 0.01)
		Praying or hoping	0.07 (p = 0.60)
		Catastrophizing	0.10 (p = 0.44)
		Coping self-statements	-0.10 (p = 0.44)
		Diverting attention	-0.21 (p = 0.10)
		Reinterpreting pain sensations	-0.07 (p = 0.61)
		Ignoring pain sensations	-0.24 (p = 0.06)
		Increasing pain behavior	0.23 (p = 0.07)
		Increasing activity level	-0.30 (p = 0.02)

Table 3

Standardized partial regression coefficients in the third multiple regression model.

Combinations	Independent variables	Dependent variables	Standardized partial regression coefficients
1	Numerical rating scale	Walking ability	-0.25 (p = 0.04)
	Control over pain	Walking ability	0.31 (p = 0.01)
2	Numerical rating scale	Social function	-0.14 (p = 0.26)
	Control over pain	Social function	0.38 (p = 0.00)
3	Numerical rating scale	Walking ability	-0.24 (p = 0.60)
	Increasing activity level	Walking ability	0.07 (p = 0.53)
4	Numerical rating scale	Social function	-0.32 (p = 0.02)
	Increasing activity level	Social function	0.13 (p = 0.33)