Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Drilling medial facet started from the midpedicle (A–B) until the tip of the superior articular process (C) to make sure complete decompression.
- Figure 2
(A) Opening the lamina in the medial side. (B) Removing flavum ligament using Kerrison punch. (C) Free thecal sac after endoscopic decompression. SAP, superior articular process; IAP, inferior articular process
- Figure 3
Location of incision for paracentral endoscopic decompressive foraminotomy.
- Figure 4
Free exiting nerve root and disc material that was removed. Asterisk, disc material; blue dot, disc space; red arrows, exiting root.
- Figure 5
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a patient with central lumbar canal stenosis. (A) Preoperative MRI: the central canal was compressed anteriorly by the disk and posteriorly by the thick flavum (arrows). (B) Postendoscopic decompression.
- Figure 6
Magnetic resonance imaging of a patient with L3-L4 foraminal stenosis. (A) Preoperative: The right paracentral compression (red dots). (B) After endoscopic foraminotomy.
- Figure 7
Image of dural tear during endoscopic procedure (red circle).
Tables
- Table 1
Clinical and demographic characteristics of degenerative lumbar canal stenosis patients managed with conventional decompression and full endoscopic decompression.
Patient Characteristics Conventional Decompression Full Endoscopic Decompression Mean Difference (CI 95%) P Value N = 132 N = 163 Age, y, mean (SD) 57.6 (6.13) 53.1 (11.31) 4.5 (−1.9 to 10.9) 0.160 Sex, n (%) 0.130 Male 72 (54.7) 102 (62.5) Female 60 (45.2) 61 (36.8) Level of decompression, n (%) 0.686 L3-L4 19 (14.2) 16 (10.0) L4-L5 75 (57.1) 106 (65.0) L5-S1 38 (28.5) 41 (25.0) Intraoperative bleeding, mL, median (IQR) 84 (50–150) 30 (10–50) 0.001 Operation duration, min, median (IQR) 45 (30–75) 65 (50–110) 0.032 Duration of hospital stay, d, median (IQR) 3.4 (3–4) 1.52 (1–3) 0.034 Mobilization time, h, median (IQR) 14.3 (10–18) 4.2 (3–5) 0.001 Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range.
- Table 2
VAS of patients who underwent conventional decompression and full endoscopic decompression.
VAS Conventional Decompression Full Endoscopic Decompression Mean Difference
(95% CI)P Value N = 132 N = 163 Back Preoperation 1 (0–2) 1.1 (0–2) 0 (−1 to 1) 0.708 Postoperation 0 mo 4 (3–5.3) 2 (1.5–3) 0 (−1 to 1) 0.033 3 mo 2 (1–3) 1 (0–2) 0 (−1 to 1) 0.112 6 mo 1 (0–2) 1 (0–2) 0 (0–1) 0.134 12 mo 1(0–2) 0(0) 0.111 Leg Preoperation 6 (5.8–7) 6 (6–7) 0 (−1 to 1) 0.909 Postoperation 0 mo 3 (1–5) 2 (0–3) 0 (0–1) 0.05 3 mo 1 (0–2) 1 (0–2) 1 (0–1) 0.071 6 mo 1 (0–1) 1 (0–1) 1 (0–2) 0.075 12 mo 1 (0–1) 1(0–1) 1(0–2) 0.080 Abbreviations: VAS, visual analog scale.
Note: Decompression data presented as median (interquartile range).
- Table 3
Oswestry Disability Index of patients who underwent conventional decompression and full endoscopic decompression.
Oswestry Disability Index Conventional Decompression Full Endoscopic Decompression Median Difference
(95% CI)P Value N = 132 N = 163 Preoperation 62 (56.5–70.5) 58 (52–63.5) 6 (−2 to 14) 0.103 Postoperation 0 mo 12 (5.5–14.5) 16 (8–32.5) −4 (−12 to 2) 0.232 3 mo 8 (4–12.5) 12 (4–19) −2 (−8 to 4) 0.483 6 mo 5.5 (1.5–10) 10 (3.5–17.5) −3 (−10 to 2) 0.184 12 mo 5.7 (1.5–9.2) 9.5 (3.6–15.6) −3 (−9 to 2) 0.188 Note: Decompression data presented as median (interquartile range).
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