Article Figures & Data
Tables
Characteristic LOS ≥45 h
(n = 52)LOS <45 h
(n = 52)P Valuea Age, y, mean ± SD 50.3 ± 11.6 50.6 ± 12.5 0.880 Gender 0.844 Women 48.1% (25) 50.0% (26) Men 51.9% (27) 50.0% (26) Ethnicity 0.566 African American 11.5% (6) 7.7% (4) Asian 3.9% (2) 3.9% (2) Hispanic 5.8% (3) 9.6% (5) White 75.0% (39) 78.9% (41) Other 3.9% (2) 0.0% (0) Diabetic status 0.085 Nondiabetic 80.8% (42) 92.3% (48) Diabetic 19.2% (10) 7.7% (4) Smoking status 0.446 Nonsmoker 84.6% (44) 78.9% (41) Smoker 15.4% (8) 21.2% (11) Blood pressure 0.083 Normotensive 63.5% (33) 78.9% (41) Hypertensive 36.5% (19) 21.2% (11) American Society of Anesthesiologists score 0.356 <1 8.0% (4) 13.7% (7) ≥1 92.0% (46) 86.3% (44) Charlson Comorbidity Index score 0.848 <1 20.5% (9) 22.2% (8) ≥1 79.6% (35) 77.8% (28) Insurance type 0.624 Medicare/Medicaid 7.7% (4) 7.7% (4) Workers’ compensation 25.0% (13) 17.3% (9) Private 67.3% (35) 75.0% (39) Note: Data reported as % (n) unless otherwise noted.
↵a P value calculated using χ 2 analysis or Student’s t test for independent samples for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
LOS, length of stay.
Characteristic LOS ≥45 h
(n = 52)LOS <45 h
(n = 52)P Valuea Spinal pathology Degenerative spondylolisthesis 23.1% (12) 9.6% (5) 0.063 Isthmic spondylolisthesis 36.5% (19) 50.0% (26) 0.166 Recurrent herniated nucleus pulposus 5.8% (3) 7.7% (4) 0.696 Scoliosis 1.9% (1) 11.5% (6) 0.050 Central stenosis 73.1% (38) 80.8% (42) 0.352 Foraminal stenosis 40.4% (21) 69.2% (36) 0.003 Operative time, min 126.3 ± 37.4 128.1 ± 40.1 0.816 Estimated blood loss, mL 73.5 ± 50.2 52.1 ± 31.1 0.014 LOS (h) 65.1 ± 29.9 26.8 ± 7.6 <0.001 Day of discharge <0.001 POD 0 0.0% (0) 9.6% (5) POD 1 2.1% (1) 82.7% (43) POD 2 66.0% (31) 7.7% (4) POD 3 14.9% (7) 0.0% (0) POD 4 14.9% (7) 0.0% (0) POD 9 2.1% (1) 0.0% (0) Note: Data presented as % (n) or mean ± SD. Boldface indicates statistical significance.
↵a P value calculated using χ 2 analysis or Student’s t test for independent samples for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
LOS, length of stay; POD, postoperative day of discharge.
PROM LOS ≥45 h,
Mean ± SDLOS <45 h,
Mean ± SDP Valuea VAS back Preoperative 6.5 ± 2.3 6.7 ± 2.6 0.673 6 wk 4.3 ± 2.7 3.8 ± 2.5 0.257 12 wk 4.0 ± 2.6 3.3 ± 2.6 0.212 6 mo 3.0 ± 2.6 3.4 ± 2.8 0.511 1 y 3.0 ± 3.5 2.1 ± 3.0 0.657 2 y 8.5 ± 0.0 6.4 ± 1.6 0.377 VAS leg Preoperative 5.1 ± 2.7 4.5 ± 3.4 0.813 6 wk 4.5 ± 4.3 3.3 ± 2.4 0.263 12 wk 3.2 ± 2.8 2.5 ± 2.6 0.662 6 mo 2.0 ± 2.6 2.6 ± 3.1 0.613 1 y 2.2 ± 3.7 1.1 ± 1.7 0.489 2 y 6.5 ± 0.0 6.3 ± 2.6 0.964 ODI Preoperative 39.4 ± 17.5 35.7 ± 15.8 0.477 6 wk 45.1 ± 32.5 28.3 ± 14.8 0.024 12 wk 29.3 ± 16.1 20.3 ± 12.4 0.082 6 mo 22.3 ± 20.2 20.2 ± 15.8 0.739 1 y 30.5 ± 24.2 14.9 ± 16.2 0.153 2 y 40.0 ± 0.0 28.5 ± 13.7 0.507 SF-12 PCS Preoperative 27.1 ± 6.3 32.6 ± 9.5 0.046 6 wk 34.0 ± 11.8 34.8 ± 8.4 0.838 12 wk 32.2 ± 5.1 41.5 ± 8.7 0.014 6 mo 40.3 ± 8.1 40.0 ± 9.5 0.920 1 y 37.6 ± 9.1 45.9 ± 11.0 0.193 2 y 36.2 ± 2.5 44.6 ± 11.8 0.271 PROMIS-PF Preoperative 34.4 ± 5.0 38.4 ± 5.8 0.072 6 wk 40.8 ± 2.6 40.0 ± 5.9 0.847 12 wk 40.2 ± 4.6 44.6 ± 9.2 0.271 6 mo 43.0 ± 7.2 47.2 ± 6.5 0.199 1 y 44.0 ± 9.1 48.7 ± 11.0 0.411 2 y 47.2 ± 9.0 49.6 ± 12.2 0.823 Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance.
↵a P values calculated using Student’s t test for independent samples.
LOS, length of stay; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; PROMIS-PF, patient-reported outcome measurement information system physical function; PROMs, patient-reported outcome measures; SF-12 PCS, 12-item short form physical composite score; VAS, visual analog scale.
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures LOS ≥45 h,
% (n)LOS <45 h,
% (n)P Valuea ODI 6 wk 28.6% (2) 71.4% (5) 0.703 12 wk 10.0% (1) 90.0% (9) 0.375 6 mo 37.5% (3) 62.5% (5) 0.561 1 y 14.3% (1) 85.7% (6) 0.515 2 y 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Overall 17.7% (3) 82.4% (14) 0.004 PROMIS-PF 6 wk 9.1% (1) 90.9% (10) 0.747 12 wk 22.2% (2) 77.8% (7) 0.964 6 mo 16.7% (2) 83.3% (10) 0.137 1 y 22.2% (2) 77.8% (7) 0.480 2 y 33.3% (1) 66.7% (2) 1.000 Overall 18.2% (4) 81.8% (18) 0.001 SF-12 PCS 6 wk 25.0% (3) 75.0% (9) 0.527 12 wk 14.3% (2) 85.7% (12) 0.490 6 mo 32.3% (6) 64.7% (11) 0.394 1 y 11.1% (1) 88.9% (8) 0.522 2 y 25.0% (1) 75.0% (3) 0.809 Overall 24.1% (7) 75.9% (22) 0.001 VAS back 6 wk 44.0% (22) 56.0% (28) 0.201 12 wk 47.1% (24) 52.9% (27) 0.566 6 mo 51.1% (23) 48.9% (22) 0.222 1 y 22.2% (2) 77.8% (7) 0.913 2 y 0.0% (0) 100.0% (1) 0.505 Overall 43.7% (31) 56.3% (40) 0.058 VAS leg 6 wk 31.3% (5) 68.8% (11) 0.312 12 wk 18.8% (3) 81.3% (13) 0.925 6 mo 33.3% (5) 66.7% (10) 0.637 1 y 25.0% (2) 75.0% (6) 0.707 2 y 100.0% (1) 100.0% (1) - Overall 27.6% (8) 72.4% (21) 0.004 Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance.
↵a P values calculated using χ 2 analysis.
LOS, length of stay; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; PROMIS-PF, patient-reported outcome measurement information system physical function; SF-12 PCS, 12-item short form physical composite score; VAS, visual analog scale.
Complication LOS
<45 h
(n = 52)LOS
≥45 h
(n = 52)P Valuea Urinary retention 1.9% (1) 15.7% (8) 0.016 Urinary tract infection 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Acute respiratory failure 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Acute renal failure 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Ileus 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Deep vein thrombosis 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Transfusion 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Arrhythmia 0.0% (0) 2.0% (1) 0.496 Pneumonia 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Pneumothorax 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Altered mental status 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Durotomy 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Surgical site infection 0.0% (0) 0.0% (0) - Neurological disease 1.9% (1) 1.9% (1) - Fever 0.0% (0) 15.7% (8) 0.003 Total complications 3.9% (2) 28.9% (15) 0.001 Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance.
↵a P value calculated using Fisher’s exact test.
LOS, length of stay (h).
- Table 6
Bivariate analysis of risk ratio for demographic and perioperative characteristics.
Characteristic Among Extended Length of Stays, % Relative Risk CI P Valuea Age <50 y 42.3% Reference ≥50 y 57.7% 1.1 (0.8–1.7) 0.559 Gender Women 48.1% Reference Men 51.9% 1.0 (0.7–1.5) 0.845 Body mass index <30 kg/m2 53.9% Reference ≥30 kg/m2 46.2% 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 0.697 Smoking status Nonsmoker 84.6% Reference Smoker 15.4% 0.8 (0.5–1.4) 0.476 American Society of Anesthesiologists score <2 71.2% Reference ≥2 28.9% 1.7 (1.2–2.4) 0.003 Charlson Comorbidity Index score <1 20.5% Reference ≥1 79.6% 1.0 (0.6–1.7) 0.851 Hypertension Nonhypertensive 63.5% Reference Hypertensive 36.5% 1.4 (1.0–2.1) 0.066 Diabetes Nondiabetic 80.8% Reference Diabetic 19.2% 1.5 (1.0–2.3) 0.037 Preoperative VAS backb <7 - - - - ≥7 - - - - Preoperative VAS leg <7 17.3% Reference ≥7 82.7% 2.1 (1.2–3.8) 0.012 Operative time ≤127 min 44.2% Reference >127 min 55.8% 1.1 (0.8–1.7) 0.560 Estimated blood loss ≤63 mL 57.7% Reference >63 mL 42.3% 1.2 (0.8–1.7) 0.415
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