Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Image representation of the modified Goutallier scale: grade 0 indicates no intramuscular fat; grade 1 indicates some fatty streaks present; grade 2 indicates fat that is evident but less than muscle tissue; grade 3 indicates amounts of fat that are equal to the amount of muscle; and grade 4 indicates more fat than muscle tissue.
- Figure 2
Selection of the multifidus muscle (represented in the yellow circle) using ImageJ software. The obtained image was then converted to an 8-bit scale. The standard calibration was determined using the psoas muscle as the lower limit and the subcutaneous fat as the upper limit. The relative amount of fat is represented by the number of pixels present, expressed as a percentage. A comparison of the 2 sides was made between the 2 groups and participants, using the nonoperated side as a control.
- Figure 3
. Boxplots of the clinical variables of the research participants, by time point.
Tables
Variable Mean SD Minimum Median Maximum Age, y 46.19 13.22 22 43.5 79 BMI 26.52 3.69 19.03 26.84 34.89 Time to MRI, mo 13.84 3.95 7 13 24 Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
- Table 2
Descriptive measures of the clinical variables of the research participants, by moment.
Clinical Variable Preoperative Scores Postoperative Scores Mean Median
(Min; Max)Mean Median
(Min; Max)VAS back pain 5.80 6 (0; 10) 2.31 1 (0; 9) VAS leg pain 7.33 8 (0; 10) 2.15 0 (0; 9) ODI 46.62 41 (12; 88) 13.85 12 (0; 46) EQ-5D 46.67 50 (10; 80) 13.85 10 (0; 50) Abbreviations: EQ-5D, EuroQol; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; VAS, visual analog scale.
Outcome Measure Midline Lumbar Microdiscectomy Tubular Lumbar Microdiscectomy Ipsilateral Contralateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Fatty Multifidus Infiltration, % Preoperative 36.62 (29.63; 59.04) 41.5 (33.87; 53.38) 44.92 (38.42; 51.39) 36.78 (27.73; 61.28) Postoperative 57.79 (48.49; 66.17) 47.63 (32.05; 60.24) 48.21 (28.41; 55.95) 42.74 (33.18; 54.36) P 0.020 0.465 1.0 0.946 Muscular Degeneration (Goutallier) Preoperative 1 (1; 2) 1 (1; 2) 1 (1; 2) 1 (1; 2) Postoperative 2 (1; 2) 1 (1; 2) 1 (1; 3) 1 (1; 2) P 0.002 0.145 0.037 >0.99 Note: Values are shown as median (minimum; maximum) . P < 0.005.
- Table 4
Comparison between the 2 methods with regard to variation in muscular degeneration.
Outcome Measure Ipsilateral Contralateral Fatty Multifidus Infiltration (%) Muscular Degeneration (Goutallier) Fatty Multifidus Infiltration (%) Muscular Degeneration (Goutallier) Tubular lumbar microdiscectomy −3.02 (−5.62; 15) 0 (0; 1) 0.38 (−3.63; 5.2) 0 (0; 0) Midline lumbar microdiscectomy 16.43 (−6.1; 26.97) 1 (0; 1) 2.48 (−12.78; 15.21) 0 (0; 0) P 0.108 0.451 0.520 0.149 Note: Values are shown as mean (minimum; maximum) . P < 0.005.
- Table 5
Correlation between variation in the clinical results and variation in the percentage of fat.
Clinical Variable Ipsilateral Contralateral Fatty Multifidus Infiltration (%) Muscular Degeneration (Goutallier) Fatty Multifidus Infiltration (%) Muscular Degeneration (Goutallier) VAS back pain 0.05 (0.9) 0.83 (0.006) 0.01 (0.98) −0.16 (0.69) VAS leg pain 0.59 (0.097) −0.23 (0.55) 0.43 (0.25) 0.05 (0.89) ODI −0.02 (0.97) 0.14 (0.72) −0.15 (0.67) −0.55 (0.13) EQ-5D 0.37 (0.29) −0.27 (0.45) 0.29 (0.41) −0.04 (0.9) Abbreviations: EQ-5D, EuroQol; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; VAS, visual analog scale.
Note: Values are shown as median (P value). P < 0.005.
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