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Research ArticleFull Length Article
Open Access

Metal wear particles: What we know, what we do not know, and why

Fabrizio Billi, Paul Benya, Edward Ebramzadeh, Pat Campbell, Frank Chan and Harry A. McKellop
International Journal of Spine Surgery January 2009, 3 (4) 133-142; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esas.2009.11.006
Fabrizio Billi
aOrthopaedic Hospital – UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
PhD
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  • For correspondence: fbilli@laoh.ucla.edu
Paul Benya
aOrthopaedic Hospital – UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
PhD
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Edward Ebramzadeh
aOrthopaedic Hospital – UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
PhD
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Pat Campbell
aOrthopaedic Hospital – UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
PhD
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Frank Chan
bMedtronic, Memphis, TN
PhD
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Harry A. McKellop
aOrthopaedic Hospital – UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
PhD
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  • Article
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Article Figures & Data

Figures

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  • Fig. 1
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    Fig. 1

    Interrelations among wear particle characteristics, wear mechanisms and biological activity.

  • Fig. 2
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    Fig. 2

    Metal wear particle and organic residue after double enzymatic digestion.

  • Fig. 3
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    Fig. 3

    Metal wear particles on a polycarbonate filter.

  • Fig. 4
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    Fig. 4

    Example of particles outlined from SEM micrographs for morphological characterization.

  • Fig. 5
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    Fig. 5

    Effect of number of particles on apparent size distribution: (A) 30% of the particles visible on the micrograph are taken into account; (B) 75% of the particles visible on the micrograph are taken into account.

Tables

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    Table 1

    Protocols for metal particle isolation/characterization

    AuthorsDigestionDisplayImagingSize analysisShape analysisSize/Shape distributionEvaluation of sample distribution
    SchmiedbergPapain + pK (NaOH wash)Drop EvaporationSEMYNNN
    DoornPapain + pKNebulizationTEMYNNN
    CatelasPapain + pKResin EmbeddingTEMYYYY
    BrownPapain + p-K + yeast lytic enzyme + ZymolyaseSequential FiltrationSEMYNYN
    • View popup
    Table 2

    Steps involved in enzymatic protocols for metal particle isolation

    STEPSSchmiedberg40Doorn15Catelas10Brown4
    Washing67912
    Centrifugation7462
    Dilution2438
    Digestion22212
    Boiling-435
    heating---1
    Transfer3--
    Supernatant removal746
    • View popup
    Table 3

    Morphological characterization of particles in Fig. 4

    Object #SHAPEECDARERFF
    1Fibril0.311.9648.00.060.06
    2Rod0.378.3316.60.090.17
    3Rod0.355.8011.40.110.23
    4Oval0.841.971.70.480.73
    5Rod0.327.3013.40.090.20
    6Oval0.791.543.00.460.59
    7Fibril0.511.2329.50.160.10
    8Fibril0.283.6133.60.060.09
    9Round1.101.021.00.890.83
    10Oval0.642.902.70.340.62
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International Journal of Spine Surgery
Vol. 3, Issue 4
1 Jan 2009
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Metal wear particles: What we know, what we do not know, and why
Fabrizio Billi, Paul Benya, Edward Ebramzadeh, Pat Campbell, Frank Chan, Harry A. McKellop
International Journal of Spine Surgery Jan 2009, 3 (4) 133-142; DOI: 10.1016/j.esas.2009.11.006

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Metal wear particles: What we know, what we do not know, and why
Fabrizio Billi, Paul Benya, Edward Ebramzadeh, Pat Campbell, Frank Chan, Harry A. McKellop
International Journal of Spine Surgery Jan 2009, 3 (4) 133-142; DOI: 10.1016/j.esas.2009.11.006
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Keywords

  • Wear particles
  • morphology
  • Characterization
  • metal-on-metal
  • Digestion protocol

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