Are Sandwich Vertebrae Prone to Refracture After Percutaneous Vertebroplasty or Kyphoplasty? A Meta-Analysis

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Figure 1
Flowchart of study selection process.
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Figure 2
Funnel plot of included studies regarding the difference of refracture between sandwich vertebra and nonsandwich vertebra.
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Figure 3
Forest plot of included studies that examined the difference of refracture between sandwich vertebra and nonsandwich vertebra. Abbreviations: SDV, sandwich vertebrae; NSDV, nonsandwich vertebrae.
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Figure 4
Forest plot of included studies that perform subgroup analysis according to the follow-up duration. Abbreviations: SDV, sandwich vertebrae; NSDV, nonsandwich vertebrae.
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Figure 5
Forest plot of included studies that perform subgroup analysis according to the operative methods. Abbreviations: SDV, sandwich vertebrae; NSDV, nonsandwich vertebrae.

Table 1

Characteristics of studies examining the difference of refracture between sandwich vertebra and nonsandwich vertebra.

Table 2

QUADAS-2 quality assessment result of the included studies.

Study	Was a Consecutive or Random Sample of Patients Enrolled?	Did the Study Avoid Inappropriate Exclusions?	Was the Method of Imaging Tests Described?	Were All Patients Tested With MRI or CT?
Bo et al (2022)⁷	Consecutive	Yes	Yes	Yes
Han et al (2018)⁸	Consecutive	Yes	Yes	Yes
Chiu et al (2020)¹²	Consecutive	Yes	Yes	Yes
Hierholzer et al (2008)13	Consecutive	Yes	Yes	Yes
Jiang et al (2017)¹⁴	Consecutive	Yes	Yes	Yes
Liu et al (2021) ¹⁵	Consecutive	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pitton et al (2007)¹⁶	Consecutive	Yes	Yes	Yes
Zeng et al (2018)¹⁷	Consecutive	Yes	Yes	Yes
Zhang et al (2021)18	Consecutive	Yes	Yes	Yes