Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
EM Navigation System
The EM navigation system is the size and profile of a standard fluoroscopy C-arm, but has stereotactic capability (A). The cadaveric demonstration of percutaneous lumbar pedicle screw placement illustrates the EM transmitter and a precalibrated instrument tracking on the 2D field-of-view (B). An illustration of one field emitted by the EM transmitter demonstrates the detection of probes and other nearby precalibrated instruments (C).
- Figure 2
Distribution of All Breaches
The overall number of breaches was compared for conventional versus EM-guided navigation for each type of breach. While the data showed a trend toward a higher critical breach rate for conventional fluoroscopy, analysis did not reach statistical significance.
- Figure 3
Distribution of Breaches in the Lumbar Spine
The number of breaches in the lumbar spine (L1-L5) was compared for conventional versus EM-guided navigation for each type of breach. There was a significantly higher number of critical breaches for conventional fluoroscopy in the lumbar spine.
Tables
- Table 1
Rates of Breach by Type for Conventional Fluoroscopy (CF) Versus Electromagnetic Guidance (EM)
Overall Breach Rate (%) Lumbar Breach Rate (%) Breach Type CF EM CF EM Pedicle 32.1 42.8 33.3 33.3 Vertebrae 10.7 10.7 8.3 12.5 Critical 25.0 14.2 25.0 0.0
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