History and Evolution of Spinal Robotics in Pediatric Spinal Deformity

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Figure 1
(A) SpineAssist with 6 internal actuators. (B) Robot on spinous process–mounted platform, with arm and drill guide. (C) Hoover-T robot platform mounted on pelvis; with percutaneous drill guide placement.
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Figure 2
(A) Robotic arm base connected to spinous process–linked clamps; connected to Thompson clamp back to the table. (B) Cephalad to caudal view showing stabilized spine.
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Figure 3
(A) Adolescent with rigid neuromuscular scoliosis with pelvic obliquity induced by post–spinal cord tumor resection. (B) Computed tomography (CT) scan showing pelvic position for planning S2 alar-iliac (S2AI) screws. (C) Absent lamina in region of prior tumor resection. (D) Mazor software with planned screw size and trajectories. (E) Mazor X Stealth robotic alignment and observed navigated drilling of planned screws. (F) Example of thoracic robot-guided screw placement. (G) Accuracy of S2AI robotic screw position verified on postoperative CT scan. (H) Final postoperative alignment.