Table of Contents

Endoscopy

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  Editors’ Introduction: State-of-the-Art Techniques in Endoscopic Spine Surgery

  Hyeun-Sung Kim, Choon-Keun Park and Choll W. Kim

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S5; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8158
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  The History of Endoscopic Posterior Lumbar Surgery

  Choll W. Kim and Frank Phillips

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S6-S10; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8159
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  Rationale and Advantages of Endoscopic Spine Surgery

  Jae-Won Jang, Dong-Geun Lee and Choon-Keun Park

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S11-S20; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8160
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  Difficulties, Challenges, and the Learning Curve of Avoiding Complications in Lumbar Endoscopic Spine Surgery

  Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Albert E. Telfeian, Stefan Hellinger, Jorge Felipe Ramírez León, Paulo Sérgio Teixeira de Carvalho, Max R.F. Ramos, Hyeun Sung Kim, Daniel W. Hanson, Nimar Salari and Anthony Yeung

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S21-S37; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8161
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  Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: Basic Concepts and Technical Keys to Clinical Success

  Sang Gu Lee and Yong Ahn

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S38-S46; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8162
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  Interlaminar Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy: A Narrative Review

  Young Il Won, Woon Tak Yuh, Shin Won Kwon, Chi Heon Kim, Seung Heon Yang, Kyoung-Tae Kim and Chun Kee Chung

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S47-S53; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8163
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  Uniportal Endoscopic Interlaminar Decompression in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review

  Kuang-Yuan Goh, Jui-Chen Hsu, Ching-Yu Lee, Tsung-Jen Huang, Chien-Min Chen and Meng-Huang Wu

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S54-S64; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8164
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  A Review of Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Decompression for Degenerative Lumbar Canal Stenosis

  Jwo-Luen Pao

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S65-S71; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8165
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  A Narrative Review of Uniportal Endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Comparison of Uniportal Facet-Preserving Trans-Kambin Endoscopic Fusion and Uniportal Facet-Sacrificing Posterolateral Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

  Hyeun Sung Kim, Pang Hung Wu, Koichi Sairyo and Il-Tae Jang

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S72-S83; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8166
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  Biportal Endoscopic Technique for Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Review of Current Research

  Min-Seok Kang, Dong Hwa Heo, Hyoung-Bok Kim and Heung-Tae Chung

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S84-S92; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8167
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  Endoscopic Spine Surgery of the Cervicothoracic Spine: A Review of Current Applications

  Jian Shen, Elias Shaaya, Junseok Bae and Albert E. Telfeian

  International Journal of Spine Surgery December 2021, 15 (suppl 3) S93-S103; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14444/8168