Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1
Lumbosacral sagittal parameters. L – circle arc length; α – central angle; β – lordosis angle; c – chord length; r – circle radius; h – segment height. ST – sacral tilt; SD – sacral deviation.
- Fig. 2
Geometrical construct of Lumbar Lordosis (LL) by two tangent arcs of circle. LL is limited proximally by the Inflexion Point (IP) and distally by the sacral plateau (S1P). C1 and C2 are two tangent circles on the apex (A) of LL. LL is divided in two arcs; the upper one from IP to A is located on C2, the lower between A and S1P is on C1. As complementary angles, lower arc equals SS.
- Fig. 3
Geometry of the lumbar lordosis arc at patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Sacral coefficient (Ks) = 0.78; Lumbar coefficient (Kl) = 0.77; Lumbosacral balance (LSB) = 0.01. L – circle arc length; α – central angle; β – lordosis angle; c – chord length; r – circle radius; h – segment height. ST – sacral tilt. SD – sacral deviation.
- Fig. 4
Geometry of the lumbar lordosis arc in healthy volunteer. Sacral coefficient (Ks) = 0.98; Lumbar coefficient (Kl) = 1.21; Lumbosacral balance (LSB) = 0.23. L – circle arc length; α – central angle; β – lordosis angle; c – chord length; r – circle radius; h – segment height. ST – sacral tilt; SD – sacral deviation.
Tables
Main Group Control Group α β ST SD α β ST SD N 59 49 Mean Std. Error 2.54 1.76 1.27 1.02 2.29 1.46 1.02 .93 Median 55.39 49.90 39.60 43.80 41.41 47.80 39.30 50.90 Std. Deviation 19.57 13.55 9.73 7.82 16.01 10.24 7.11 6.53 Variance 381.30 182.69 94.61 61.10 256.45 104.84 50.61 42.61 Percentile 25 41.27 36.50 33.00 40.00 32.08 42.95 35.25 46.10 75 71.42 58.00 46.00 50.10 59.37 59.20 45.00 53.40 α – central angle; β – lordosis angle; ST – sacral tilt; SD – sacral deviation.
α β SS SD α Pearson correlation 1 .738** .696** .320** Sig.(2-tailed) .000 .000 .001 β Pearson correlation .738** 1 .842** .629** Sig.(2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 ST Pearson correlation .696** .842** 1 .620** Sig.(2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 SD Pearson correlation .320** .629** .620** 1 Sig.(2-tailed) .001 .000 .000 N 108 ↵** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
α – central angle; β – lordosis angle; ST – sacral tilt; SD – sacral deviation.
Group N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp.Sig.(2-tailed) α 1 59 61.77 3644.50 1016.50 2241.50 -2.647 0.008 2 49 45.74 2241.50 β 1 59 51.80 3056.00 1286.00 3056.00 -0.984 0.325 2 49 57.76 2830.00 ST 1 59 54.44 3212.00 1442.00 3212.00 -0.022 0.983 2 49 54.57 2674.00 SD 1 59 44.62 2632.50 862.50 2632.50 -3.598 0.000 2 49 66.40 3253.50 Total 108 α – central angle; β – lordosis angle; ST – sacral tilt; SD – sacral deviation.
Group Main Control Parameter Ks Kl LSB Ks Kl LSB N 59 49 Mean Std. Error 0.022 0.026 0.021 0.017 0.037 0.044 Median 0.90 0.86 0.18 0.77 1.11 0.34 Std. Deviation 0.167 0.199 0.163 0.118 0.260 0.307 Variance 0.028 0.040 0.026 0.014 0.068 0.094 Percentile 25 0.75 0.72 0.08 0.735 0.98 0.19 75 0.98 1.04 0.29 0.885 1.30 0.55 Ks – Sacral Coefficient; Kl – Lumbar Coefficient; LSB – Lumbosacral Balance.
Group N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Ks 1 59 62.00 3658.00 1003.00 2228.00 -2.732 0.006 2 49 45.47 2228.00 Kl 1 59 39.46 2328.00 558.00 2328.00 -5.479 0.0001 2 49 72.61 3558.00 LSB 1 59 43.94 2592.50 822.50 2592.50 -3.846 0.0001 2 49 67.21 3293.50 Total 108 Ks – Sacral Coefficient; Kl – Lumbar Coefficient; LSB – Lumbosacral Balance.
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