Preclinical Comparison of Thermal Tissue Effects from Traditional Electrosurgery and a Low-Temperature Electrosurgical Device during Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

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Figure 1
Fiber-optic system. The system consists of the measuring unit (left panel) and the fiber-optic temperature sensor (right panel). The bare fiber-optic temperature sensor is 300 microns in diameter (right panel).
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Figure 2
H&E staining showing depth of thermal injury in the carotid artery and longus colli. Mature adipose, connective, and collagen tissues are stained dark pink, indicating thermal injury to the tissue, while lighter pink indicates no evidence of thermal injury. Upper panel: carotid artery. Lower panel: longus colli. Magnified 20×.
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Figure 3
Masson's trichrome staining showing depth of thermal injury in the carotid artery and longus colli. Adipose and connective tissue is stained darker blue, indicating thermal injury, while the adjacent lighter blue indicates no evidence of thermal injury. The damaged collagen is the darkest blue collagen at the top of the image. Upper panel: carotid artery. Lower panel: longus colli. Magnified 20×.