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Demographic Pre-STOP(n = 86) Post-STOP (n = 61) P Age, y, mean ± SD 63.9 ± 14.8 67.1 ± 12.4 0.078 Sex, male, n (%) 43 (50) 29 (47.5) 0.769 Body mass index, mean ± SD 31.0 ± 6.3 29.4 ± 5.3 0.056 Diabetes, n (%) 21 (24.4) 16 (26.2) 0.803 Tobacco use, n (%) 12 (13.9) 7 (11.5) 0.659 History of preoperative prescription opioid use, n (%) 53 (61.6) 28 (45.9) 0.059 Number of unilateral laminectomies for bilateral decompression, n (%) 45 (52.3) 33 (54.1) 0.832 Number of far lateral tubular decompressions, n (%) 19 (22.1) 12 (19.7) 0.723 Number of unilateral hemilaminectomies, n (%) 24 (27.9) 22 (36.1) 0.293 STOP, Strengthen Opioid Misuse Prevention Act.
Outcome Measure Pre-STOP Post-STOP P Preoperative VAS back pain 6.8 ± 2.9 5.3 ± 2.9 0.001 VAS leg pain 7.6 ± 2.2 7.2 ± 2.8 0.209 EQ-5D 0.29 ± 0.28 0.28 ± 0.27 0.368 ODI 55.6 ± 14.5 59.1 ± 16.3 0.94 Postoperative VAS back pain 3.3 ± 3.0 2.6 ± 3.0 0.082 VAS leg pain 2.4 ± 2.9 1.2 ± 2.4 0.003 EQ5-SD 0.71 ± 0.30 0.75 ± 0.31 0.368 ODI 28.4 ± 21.6 21.9 ± 19.7 0.094 Satisfied patients, n (%) 66 (77.6) 53 (86.9) 0.156 Note: Data presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.
ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; STOP, Strengthen Opioid Misuse Prevention Act; VAS, visual analog scale.
Achievement, n (%) Outcome Measure Threshold Score Pre-STOP Post-STOP P VAS back pain 1.8 56 (72.7) 36 (60) 0.116 VAS leg pain 1.7 67 (82.7) 51 (85) 0.717 EuroQol-Five Dimensions Index 0.2 56 (72.7) 44 (77.2) 0.557 Oswestry Disability Index 11.7 63 (77.8) 52 (86.7) 0.178 Achieved ≥1 MCID threshold 81 (95.3) 61(98.4) 0.315 MCID, meaningful clinically important difference; STOP, Strengthen Opioid Misuse Prevention Act; VAS, visual analog scale.
Outcome Measure Pre-STOP Post-STOP P Postoperative opioids prescribed, MME, mean ± SD 442.9 ± 259.7 262.4 ± 122.6 <0.001 Pain-related calls to clinic, n (%) 32 (37.2) 22 (36.1) 0.887 Pain-related emergency department visits, n (%) 1 (1.2) 4 (6.6) 0.075 Pain-related outside scheduled postoperative visits, n (%) 4 (4.7) 1 (1.6) 0.321 Refills requested, MME, mean ± SD 31.7 ± 24.5 46.4 ± 38.3 0.321 MME, morphine milligram equivalent; STOP, Strengthen Opioid Misuse Prevention Act.
Measure Coefficient Standard Error P Preoperative visual analog scale back pain 0.162 0.079 0.062 Surgery after Strengthen Opioid Misuse Prevention Act −0.185 0.477 0.033 Intercept 1.435 1.19 0.022
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